El paralelo exacto de una curva bezier es bastante feo desde el punto de vista matemático (requiere polinomios de 10º grado).
Lo que es fácil de hacer es calcular una ampliación a partir de una aproximación poligonal del bezier (es decir, calcular segmentos de línea del bezier y luego mover los puntos a lo largo de las normales en los dos lados de la curva).
Esto da buenos resultados si su grosor no es demasiado grande en comparación con la curvatura ... un "paralelo lejano" en su lugar es un monstruo en sí mismo (y ni siquiera es fácil encontrar una definición de lo que es un paralelo de una curva abierta que haría felices a todos).
Una vez que tiene dos polilíneas para los dos lados, lo que puede hacer es encontrar un bezier que se aproxime mejor para esas rutas si necesita esa representación. Una vez más, creo que para "casos normales" (es decir, líneas finas), incluso un solo arco bezier para cada uno de los dos lados debería ser bastante preciso (el error debería ser mucho menor que el grosor de la línea).
EDITAR: De hecho el uso de un solo arco de Bezier se ve mucho peor de lo que hubiera esperado incluso para casos razonablemente normales. Intenté también usar dos arcos bezier para cada lado y el resultado es mejor, pero aún no perfecto. El error es, por supuesto, mucho más pequeño que el grosor de la línea, por lo que, a menos que las líneas sean muy gruesas, podría ser una opción razonable. En la siguiente imagen se muestra un bezier engrosado (con engrosamiento por punto), una aproximación usando un arco bezier para cada lado y una aproximación usando dos arcos bezier para cada lado.
EDIT 2 Tal y como exigía agrego el código que utiliza para obtener las imágenes; está en python y solo requiere Qt. Este código no debe ser leído por otros, así que usé algunos trucos que probablemente no utilizaría en el código de producción real. El algoritmo también es muy ineficiente, pero no me importó la velocidad (se suponía que era un programa de una sola pasada para ver si la idea funciona).
#
# This code has been written during an ego-pumping session on
# www.stackoverflow.com, while trying to reply to an interesting
# question. Do whatever you want with it but don't blame me if
# doesn't do what *you* think it should do or even if doesn't do
# what *I* say it should do.
#
# Comments of course are welcome...
#
# Andrea "6502" Griffini
#
# Requirements: Qt and PyQt
#
import sys
from PyQt4.Qt import *
QW = QWidget
bezlevels = 5
def avg(a, b):
"""Average of two (x, y) points"""
xa, ya = a
xb, yb = b
return ((xa + xb)*0.5, (ya + yb)*0.5)
def bez3split(p0, p1, p2,p3):
"""
Given the control points of a bezier cubic arc computes the
control points of first and second half
"""
p01 = avg(p0, p1)
p12 = avg(p1, p2)
p23 = avg(p2, p3)
p012 = avg(p01, p12)
p123 = avg(p12, p23)
p= avg(p012, p123)
return [(p0, p01, p012, p0123),
(p0123, p123, p23, p3)]
def bez3(p0, p1, p2, p3, levels=bezlevels):
"""
Builds a bezier cubic arc approximation using a fixed
number of half subdivisions.
"""
if levels <= 0:
return [p0, p3]
else:
(a0, a1, a2, a3), (b0, b1, b2, b3) = bez3split(p0, p1, p2, p3)
return (bez3(a0, a1, a2, a3, levels-1) +
bez3(b0, b1, b2, b3, levels-1)[1:])
def thickPath(pts, d):
"""
Given a polyline and a distance computes an approximation
of the two one-sided offset curves and returns it as two
polylines with the same number of vertices as input.
NOTE: Quick and dirty approach, just uses a "normal" for every
vertex computed as the perpendicular to the segment joining
the previous and next vertex.
No checks for self-intersections (those happens when the
distance is too big for the local curvature), and no check
for degenerate input (e.g. multiple points).
"""
l1 = []
l2 = []
for i in xrange(len(pts)):
i0 = max(0, i - 1) # previous index
i1 = min(len(pts) - 1, i + 1) # next index
x, y = pts[i]
x0, y0 = pts[i0]
x1, y1 = pts[i1]
dx = x1 - x0
dy = y1 - y0
L = (dx**2 + dy**2) ** 0.5
nx = - d*dy/L
ny = d*dx/L
l1.append((x - nx, y - ny))
l2.append((x + nx, y + ny))
return l1, l2
def dist2(x0, y0, x1, y1):
"Squared distance between two points"
return (x1 - x0)**2 + (y1 - y0)**2
def dist(x0, y0, x1, y1):
"Distance between two points"
return ((x1 - x0)**2 + (y1 - y0)**2) ** 0.5
def ibez(pts, levels=bezlevels):
"""
Inverse-bezier computation.
Given a list of points computes the control points of a
cubic bezier arc that approximates them.
"""
#
# NOTE:
#
# This is a very specific routine that only works
# if the input has been obtained from the computation
# of a bezier arc with "levels" levels of subdivisions
# because computes the distance as the maximum of the
# distances of *corresponding points*.
# Note that for "big" changes in the input from the
# original bezier I dont't think is even true that the
# best parameters for a curve-curve match would also
# minimize the maximum distance between corresponding
# points. For a more general input a more general
# path-path error estimation is needed.
#
# The minimizing algorithm is a step descent on the two
# middle control points starting with a step of about
# 1/10 of the lenght of the input to about 1/1000.
# It's slow and ugly but required no dependencies and
# is just a bunch of lines of code, so I used that.
#
# Note that there is a closed form solution for finding
# the best bezier approximation given starting and
# ending points and a list of intermediate parameter
# values and points, and this formula also could be
# used to implement a much faster and accurate
# inverse-bezier in the general case.
# If you care about the problem of inverse-bezier then
# I'm pretty sure there are way smarter methods around.
#
# The minimization used here is very specific, slow
# and not so accurate. It's not production-quality code.
# You have been warned.
#
# Start with a straight line bezier arc (surely not
# the best choice but this is just a toy).
x0, y0 = pts[0]
x3, y3 = pts[-1]
x1, y1 = (x0*3 + x3)/4.0, (y0*3 + y3)/4.0
x2, y2 = (x0 + x3*3)/4.0, (y0 + y3*3)/4.0
L = sum(dist(*(pts[i] + pts[i-1])) for i in xrange(len(pts) - 1))
step = L/10
limit = step/100
# Function to minimize = max((a[i] - b[i])**2)
def err(x0, y0, x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3):
return max(dist2(*(x+p)) for x, p in zip(pts, bez3((x0, y0), (x1, y1),
(x2, y2), (x3, y3),
levels)))
while step > limit:
best = None
for dx1 in (-step, 0, step):
for dy1 in (-step, 0, step):
for dx2 in (-step, 0, step):
for dy2 in (-step, 0, step):
e = err(x0, y0,
x1+dx1, y1+dy1,
x2+dx2, y2+dy2,
x3, y3)
if best is None or e < best[0] * 0.9999:
best = e, dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2
e, dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2 = best
if (dx1, dy1, dx2, dy2) == (0, 0, 0, 0):
# We got to a minimum for this step => refine
step *= 0.5
else:
# We're still moving
x1 += dx1
y1 += dy1
x2 += dx2
y2 += dy2
return [(x0, y0), (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)]
def poly(pts):
"Converts a list of (x, y) points to a QPolygonF)"
return QPolygonF(map(lambda p: QPointF(*p), pts))
class Viewer(QW):
def __init__(self, parent):
QW.__init__(self, parent)
self.pts = [(100, 100), (200, 100), (200, 200), (100, 200)]
self.tracking = None # Mouse dragging callback
self.ibez = 0 # Thickening algorithm selector
def sizeHint(self):
return QSize(900, 700)
def wheelEvent(self, e):
# Moving the wheel changes between
# - original polygonal thickening
# - single-arc thickening
# - double-arc thickening
self.ibez = (self.ibez + 1) % 3
self.update()
def paintEvent(self, e):
dc = QPainter(self)
dc.setRenderHints(QPainter.Antialiasing)
# First build the curve and the polygonal thickening
pts = bez3(*self.pts)
l1, l2 = thickPath(pts, 15)
# Apply inverse bezier computation if requested
if self.ibez == 1:
# Single arc
l1 = bez3(*ibez(l1))
l2 = bez3(*ibez(l2))
elif self.ibez == 2:
# Double arc
l1 = (bez3(*ibez(l1[:len(l1)/2+1], bezlevels-1)) +
bez3(*ibez(l1[len(l1)/2:], bezlevels-1))[1:])
l2 = (bez3(*ibez(l2[:len(l2)/2+1], bezlevels-1)) +
bez3(*ibez(l2[len(l2)/2:], bezlevels-1))[1:])
# Draw results
dc.setBrush(QBrush(QColor(0, 255, 0)))
dc.drawPolygon(poly(l1 + l2[::-1]))
dc.drawPolyline(poly(pts))
dc.drawPolyline(poly(self.pts))
# Draw control points
dc.setBrush(QBrush(QColor(255, 0, 0)))
dc.setPen(QPen(Qt.NoPen))
for x, y in self.pts:
dc.drawEllipse(QRectF(x-3, y-3, 6, 6))
# Display the algorithm that has been used
dc.setPen(QPen(QColor(0, 0, 0)))
dc.drawText(20, 20,
["Polygonal", "Single-arc", "Double-arc"][self.ibez])
def mousePressEvent(self, e):
# Find closest control point
i = min(range(len(self.pts)),
key=lambda i: (e.x() - self.pts[i][0])**2 +
(e.y() - self.pts[i][1])**2)
# Setup a callback for mouse dragging
self.tracking = lambda p: self.pts.__setitem__(i, p)
def mouseMoveEvent(self, e):
if self.tracking:
self.tracking((e.x(), e.y()))
self.update()
def mouseReleaseEvent(self, e):
self.tracking = None
# Qt boilerplate
class MyDialog(QDialog):
def __init__(self, parent):
QDialog.__init__(self, parent)
self.ws = Viewer(self)
L = QVBoxLayout(self)
L.addWidget(self.ws)
self.setModal(True)
self.show()
app = QApplication([])
aa = MyDialog(None)
aa.exec_()
aa = None
Tiene razón en que B1 y B2 en realidad no son curvas polinomiales, y desafortunadamente no se pueden expresar como curvas de bezier. Encontré valioso el siguiente recurso: http://pomax.github.io/bezierinfo/#offsetting –
Esta pregunta parece relacionada: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4148831/how-to-offset-a-cubic-bezier -curve –