¿Qué clases de excepción hay en la biblioteca estándar de C++?

Question

¿Cuáles son las clases de excepción que se incluyen en la biblioteca estándar de C++ y para qué deberían usarse? Sé que hay algunas excepciones nuevas de C++ 11, pero no estoy seguro de qué son ni dónde están.

Answer 1

std::exception <exception> interface (debatable if you should catch this) 
    std::bad_alloc <new> failure to allocate storage 
     std::bad_array_new_length <new> invalid array length 
    std::bad_cast <typeinfo> execution of an invalid dynamic-cast 
    std::bad_exception <exception> signifies an incorrect exception was thrown 
    std::bad_function_call <functional> thrown by "null" std::function 
    std::bad_typeid <typeinfo> using typeinfo on a null pointer 
    std::bad_weak_ptr <memory> constructing a shared_ptr from a bad weak_ptr 
    std::logic_error <stdexcept> errors detectable before the program executes 
     std::domain_error <stdexcept> parameter outside the valid range 
     std::future_error <future> violated a std::promise/std::future condition 
     std::invalid_argument <stdexcept> invalid argument 
     std::length_error <stdexcept> length exceeds its maximum allowable size 
     std::out_of_range <stdexcept> argument value not in its expected range 
    std::runtime_error <stdexcept> errors detectable when the program executes 
     std::overflow_error <stdexcept> arithmetic overflow error. 
     std::underflow_error <stdexcept> arithmetic underflow error. 
     std::range_error <stdexcept> range errors in internal computations 
     std::regex_error <regex> errors from the regular expression library. 
     std::system_error <system_error> from operating system or other C API 
      std::ios_base::failure <ios> Input or output error 

Fuente: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/exception
En la práctica, la mayoría de las excepciones son excepciones personalizadas derivados de logic_error y runtime_error. No es que se descuiden, pero que muchas excepciones son específicas del dominio.

Tenga en cuenta que una excepción debe reflejar lo que salió mal y no que lo arrojó. (No "MyProgramException" s)

Answer 2

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Exception    Description 
=================================== 
std::exception   An exception and parent class of all the standard C++ exceptions. 
std::bad_alloc   This can be thrown by new. 
std::bad_cast   This can be thrown by dynamic_cast. 
std::bad_exception  This is useful device to handle unexpected exceptions in a C++ program 
std::bad_typeid   This can be thrown by typeid. 
std::logic_error  An exception that theoretically can be detected by reading the code. 
std::domain_error  This is an exception thrown when a mathematically invalid domain is used 
std::invalid_argument This is thrown due to invalid arguments. 
std::length_error  This is thrown when a too big std::string is created 
std::out_of_range  This can be thrown by the at method from for example a std::vector and std::bitset<>::operator[](). 
std::runtime_error  An exception that theoretically can not be detected by reading the code. 
std::overflow_error  This is thrown if a mathematical overflow occurs. 
std::range_error  This is occured when you try to store a value which is out of range. 
std::underflow_error This is thrown if a mathematical underflow occurs.